Moreover, gamma irradiation at 15 kGy is effective for decontaminating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wheat kernels and pea seeds ( Khalil & Al-Bachir, 2015, 2017). Additionally, high doses at 10–60 kGy have been utilized for microorganisms reduction or sterilization of foods, such as dry ingredients and foods for hospital patients and astronauts (J. Meanwhile, medium doses at 1–10 kGy have been used to reduce or eliminate non-viral microorganisms and extend the product shelf life of fresh, frozen, and dried foods and spices. Low doses at less than 1 kGy of gamma irradiation have been applied to inactivate parasites such as protozoa and helminths in meat products, fresh fruit, and vegetables. Gamma irradiation is gaining significant interest as one of the most promising and widely used decontamination methods for foods and herbal materials. indica leaves have been used to treat diarrhea, fever, lumbago, leucorrhea, gangrenous ulcer, body odor, and applied as an antidiabetic, nerve tonic, or diuretic ( Andarwulan et al., 2010 Suriyaphan, 2014 Widyawati et al., 2014). indica leaf is also commercially available in Indonesia and Thailand. For example, young leaves and shoots are usually made into vegetable salads, soups, or side dishes. indica leaves are commonly consumed as food and traditional medicine in Southeast Asia, China, India, Australia, and America. indica leaves also contain other compounds, such as flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, luteolin, and apigenin), caffeic acid, anthocyanins ( Andarwulan et al., 2010 Suriyaphan, 2014), and volatile oil ( Widyawati et al., 2013). ( beluntas), a member of the Asteraceae family, contain CQAs as their main component ( Arsiningtyas et al., 2014 Kongkiatpaiboon et al., 2018 Shukri et al., 2011). For example, the leaves of Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Recently, plants rich in CQAs have gained attention since CQAs possess beneficial biological properties, such as acting as antioxidants, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and HIV-1 integrase inhibitors as well as having anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects ( Arsiningtyas et al., 2014 Naveed et al., 2018 Shukri et al., 2011 Srisook et al., 2012 Wianowska and Gil, 2019). indica leaf.Ĭaffeoylquinic acid derivatives (CQAs) are natural phenolic compounds that belong to the chlorogenic acid family. Thus, gamma irradiation at 10 kGy is useful in increasing CQA content and antioxidant capacity as well as reducing the microbial load of P. Among the irradiation doses, 10 kGy showed the best results. Doses of 2.5–10 kGy also effectively reduced the microbial load ( P < 0.05). The antioxidant activity was enhanced significantly at 2.5–10 kGy ( P < 0.05). Doses of 5–10 kGy significantly increased the CQA level ( P < 0.05).
The total aerobic bacteria and total yeast and mold counts were investigated using the Petrifilm method at 0 and 3 months after irradiation. The antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extract was also determined using the DPPH, ABTS, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. indica leaf with 70% ethanol, the content of six caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (CQAs) in the extract was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. indica leaf powder was exposed to gamma rays from cobalt-60 at the absorbed doses of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 kGy. This study investigated the influence of gamma irradiation on the caffeoylquinic acid derivatives content, antioxidant capacity, and microbial burden of P.
Although gamma irradiation is an effective decontamination method, it must be performed appropriately to preserve the bioactive constituents and biological activities of the plant. leaf has a long history of being used as a food and in traditional medicines.
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